libcpp, c++: Optimize initializers using #embed in C++

This patch adds similar optimizations to the C++ FE as have been
implemented earlier in the C FE.
The libcpp hunk enables use of CPP_EMBED token even for C++, not just
C; the preprocessor guarantees there is always a CPP_NUMBER CPP_COMMA
before CPP_EMBED and CPP_COMMA CPP_NUMBER after it which simplifies
parsing (unless #embed is more than 2GB, in that case it could be
CPP_NUMBER CPP_COMMA CPP_EMBED CPP_COMMA CPP_EMBED CPP_COMMA CPP_EMBED
CPP_COMMA CPP_NUMBER etc. with each CPP_EMBED covering at most INT_MAX
bytes).
Similarly to the C patch, this patch parses it into RAW_DATA_CST tree
in the braced initializers (and from there peels into INTEGER_CSTs unless
it is an initializer of an std::byte array or integral array with CHAR_BIT
element precision), parses CPP_EMBED in cp_parser_expression into just
the last INTEGER_CST in it because I think users don't need millions of
-Wunused-value warnings because they did useless
  int a = (
  #embed "megabyte.dat"
  );
and so most of the inner INTEGER_CSTs would be there just for the warning,
and in the rest of contexts like template argument list, function argument
list, attribute argument list, ...) parse it into a sequence of INTEGER_CSTs
(I wrote a range/iterator classes to simplify that).

My dumb
cat embed-11.c
constexpr unsigned char a[] = {
  #embed "cc1plus"
};
const unsigned char *b = a;
testcase where cc1plus is 492329008 bytes long when configured
--enable-checking=yes,rtl,extra against recent binutils with .base64 gas
support results in:
time ./xg++ -B ./ -S -O2 embed-11.c

real    0m4.350s
user    0m2.427s
sys     0m0.830s
time ./xg++ -B ./ -c -O2 embed-11.c

real    0m6.932s
user    0m6.034s
sys     0m0.888s
(compared to running out of memory or very long compilation).
On a shorter inclusion,
cat embed-12.c
constexpr unsigned char a[] = {
  #embed "xg++"
};
const unsigned char *b = a;
where xg++ is 15225904 bytes long, this takes using GCC with the #embed
patchset except for this patch:
time ~/src/gcc/obj36/gcc/xg++ -B ~/src/gcc/obj36/gcc/ -S -O2 embed-12.c

real    0m33.190s
user    0m32.327s
sys     0m0.790s
and with this patch:
time ./xg++ -B ./ -S -O2 embed-12.c

real    0m0.118s
user    0m0.090s
sys     0m0.028s

The patch doesn't change anything on what the first patch in the series
introduces even for C++, namely that #embed is expanded (actually or as if)
into a sequence of literals like
127,69,76,70,2,1,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,2,0,62,0,1,0,0,0,80,211,64,0,0,0,0,0,64,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,8,253
and so each element has int type.
That is how I believe it is in C23, and the different versions of the
C++ P1967 paper specified there some casts, P1967R12 in particular
"Otherwise, the integral constant expression is the value of std::fgetc’s return is cast
to unsigned char."
but please see
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/97274#issuecomment-2230929277
comment and whether we really want the preprocessor to preprocess it for
C++ as (or as-if)
static_cast<unsigned char>(127),static_cast<unsigned char>(69),static_cast<unsigned char>(76),static_cast<unsigned char>(70),static_cast<unsigned char>(2),...
i.e. 9 tokens per byte rather than 2, or
(unsigned char)127,(unsigned char)69,...
or
((unsigned char)127),((unsigned char)69),...
etc.
Without a literal suffix for unsigned char constant literals it is horrible,
plus the incompatibility between C and C++.  Sure, we could use the magic
form more often for C++ to save the size and do the 9 or how many tokens
form only for the boundary constants and use #embed "." __gnu__::__base64__("...")
for what is in between if there are at least 2 tokens inside of it.
E.g. (unsigned char)127 vs. static_cast<unsigned char>(127) behaves
differently if there is constexpr long long p[] = { ... };
...
  #embed __FILE__
[p]

2024-12-06  Jakub Jelinek  <jakub@redhat.com>

libcpp/
	* files.cc (finish_embed): Use CPP_EMBED even for C++.
gcc/
	* tree.h (RAW_DATA_UCHAR_ELT, RAW_DATA_SCHAR_ELT): Define.
gcc/cp/ChangeLog:
	* cp-tree.h (class raw_data_iterator): New type.
	(class raw_data_range): New type.
	* parser.cc (cp_parser_postfix_open_square_expression): Handle
	parsing of CPP_EMBED.
	(cp_parser_parenthesized_expression_list): Likewise.  Use
	cp_lexer_next_token_is.
	(cp_parser_expression): Handle parsing of CPP_EMBED.
	(cp_parser_template_argument_list): Likewise.
	(cp_parser_initializer_list): Likewise.
	(cp_parser_oacc_clause_tile): Likewise.
	(cp_parser_omp_tile_sizes): Likewise.
	* pt.cc (tsubst_expr): Handle RAW_DATA_CST.
	* constexpr.cc (reduced_constant_expression_p): Likewise.
	(raw_data_cst_elt): New function.
	(find_array_ctor_elt): Handle RAW_DATA_CST.
	(cxx_eval_array_reference): Likewise.
	* typeck2.cc (digest_init_r): Emit -Wnarrowing and/or -Wconversion
	diagnostics.
	(process_init_constructor_array): Handle RAW_DATA_CST.
	* decl.cc (maybe_deduce_size_from_array_init): Likewise.
	(is_direct_enum_init): Fail for RAW_DATA_CST.
	(cp_maybe_split_raw_data): New function.
	(consume_init): New function.
	(reshape_init_array_1): Add VECTOR_P argument.  Handle RAW_DATA_CST.
	(reshape_init_array): Adjust reshape_init_array_1 caller.
	(reshape_init_vector): Likewise.
	(reshape_init_class): Handle RAW_DATA_CST.
	(reshape_init_r): Likewise.
gcc/testsuite/
	* c-c++-common/cpp/embed-22.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/cpp/embed-23.c: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-4.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-5.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-6.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-7.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-8.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-9.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-10.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-11.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-12.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-13.C: New test.
	* g++.dg/cpp/embed-14.C: New test.
This commit is contained in:
Jakub Jelinek 2024-12-06 09:09:12 +01:00 committed by Jakub Jelinek
parent 5289540ed5
commit 0223119f1a
21 changed files with 920 additions and 40 deletions

View file

@ -3469,7 +3469,13 @@ reduced_constant_expression_p (tree t)
return false;
if (TREE_CODE (e.index) == RANGE_EXPR)
cursor = TREE_OPERAND (e.index, 1);
cursor = int_const_binop (PLUS_EXPR, cursor, size_one_node);
if (TREE_CODE (e.value) == RAW_DATA_CST)
cursor
= int_const_binop (PLUS_EXPR, cursor,
size_int (RAW_DATA_LENGTH (e.value)));
else
cursor = int_const_binop (PLUS_EXPR, cursor,
size_one_node);
}
if (find_array_ctor_elt (t, max) == -1)
return false;
@ -4081,6 +4087,20 @@ array_index_cmp (tree key, tree index)
}
}
/* Extract a single INTEGER_CST from RAW_DATA_CST RAW_DATA at
relative index OFF. */
static tree
raw_data_cst_elt (tree raw_data, unsigned int off)
{
return build_int_cst (TREE_TYPE (raw_data),
TYPE_UNSIGNED (TREE_TYPE (raw_data))
? (HOST_WIDE_INT)
RAW_DATA_UCHAR_ELT (raw_data, off)
: (HOST_WIDE_INT)
RAW_DATA_SCHAR_ELT (raw_data, off));
}
/* Returns the index of the constructor_elt of ARY which matches DINDEX, or -1
if none. If INSERT is true, insert a matching element rather than fail. */
@ -4105,10 +4125,11 @@ find_array_ctor_elt (tree ary, tree dindex, bool insert)
if (cindex == NULL_TREE)
{
/* Verify that if the last index is missing, all indexes
are missing. */
are missing and there is no RAW_DATA_CST. */
if (flag_checking)
for (unsigned int j = 0; j < len - 1; ++j)
gcc_assert ((*elts)[j].index == NULL_TREE);
gcc_assert ((*elts)[j].index == NULL_TREE
&& TREE_CODE ((*elts)[j].value) != RAW_DATA_CST);
if (i < end)
return i;
else
@ -4131,6 +4152,11 @@ find_array_ctor_elt (tree ary, tree dindex, bool insert)
{
if (i < end)
return i;
tree value = (*elts)[end - 1].value;
if (TREE_CODE (value) == RAW_DATA_CST
&& wi::to_offset (dindex) < (wi::to_offset (cindex)
+ RAW_DATA_LENGTH (value)))
begin = end - 1;
else
begin = end;
}
@ -4144,12 +4170,59 @@ find_array_ctor_elt (tree ary, tree dindex, bool insert)
tree idx = elt.index;
int cmp = array_index_cmp (dindex, idx);
if (cmp > 0
&& TREE_CODE (elt.value) == RAW_DATA_CST
&& wi::to_offset (dindex) < (wi::to_offset (idx)
+ RAW_DATA_LENGTH (elt.value)))
cmp = 0;
if (cmp < 0)
end = middle;
else if (cmp > 0)
begin = middle + 1;
else
{
if (insert && TREE_CODE (elt.value) == RAW_DATA_CST)
{
/* We need to split the RAW_DATA_CST elt. */
constructor_elt e;
gcc_checking_assert (TREE_CODE (idx) != RANGE_EXPR);
unsigned int off = (wi::to_offset (dindex)
- wi::to_offset (idx)).to_uhwi ();
tree value = elt.value;
unsigned int len = RAW_DATA_LENGTH (value);
if (off > 1 && len >= off + 3)
value = copy_node (elt.value);
if (off)
{
if (off > 1)
RAW_DATA_LENGTH (elt.value) = off;
else
elt.value = raw_data_cst_elt (elt.value, 0);
e.index = size_binop (PLUS_EXPR, elt.index,
build_int_cst (TREE_TYPE (elt.index),
off));
e.value = NULL_TREE;
++middle;
vec_safe_insert (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (ary), middle, e);
}
(*elts)[middle].value = raw_data_cst_elt (value, off);
if (len >= off + 2)
{
e.index = (*elts)[middle].index;
e.index = size_binop (PLUS_EXPR, e.index,
build_one_cst (TREE_TYPE (e.index)));
if (len >= off + 3)
{
RAW_DATA_LENGTH (value) -= off + 1;
RAW_DATA_POINTER (value) += off + 1;
e.value = value;
}
else
e.value = raw_data_cst_elt (value, off + 1);
vec_safe_insert (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (ary), middle + 1, e);
}
return middle;
}
if (insert && TREE_CODE (idx) == RANGE_EXPR)
{
/* We need to split the range. */
@ -4505,7 +4578,17 @@ cxx_eval_array_reference (const constexpr_ctx *ctx, tree t,
{
tree r;
if (TREE_CODE (ary) == CONSTRUCTOR)
r = (*CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (ary))[i].value;
{
r = (*CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (ary))[i].value;
if (TREE_CODE (r) == RAW_DATA_CST)
{
tree ridx = (*CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (ary))[i].index;
gcc_checking_assert (ridx);
unsigned int off
= (wi::to_offset (index) - wi::to_offset (ridx)).to_uhwi ();
r = raw_data_cst_elt (r, off);
}
}
else if (TREE_CODE (ary) == VECTOR_CST)
r = VECTOR_CST_ELT (ary, i);
else

View file

@ -991,6 +991,53 @@ public:
lkp_iterator end() { return lkp_iterator (NULL_TREE); }
};
/* Iterator for a RAW_DATA_CST. */
class raw_data_iterator {
tree t;
unsigned int n;
public:
explicit raw_data_iterator (tree t, unsigned int n)
: t (t), n (n)
{
}
operator bool () const
{
return n < (unsigned) RAW_DATA_LENGTH (t);
}
raw_data_iterator &operator++ ()
{
++n;
return *this;
}
tree operator* () const
{
return build_int_cst (TREE_TYPE (t), RAW_DATA_UCHAR_ELT (t, n));
}
bool operator== (const raw_data_iterator &o) const
{
return t == o.t && n == o.n;
}
};
/* Treat a tree as a range of raw_data_iterator, e.g.
for (tree f : raw_data_range (d)) { ... } */
class raw_data_range
{
tree t;
public:
raw_data_range (tree t) : t (t) { }
raw_data_iterator begin () { return raw_data_iterator (t, 0); }
raw_data_iterator end ()
{ return raw_data_iterator (t, RAW_DATA_LENGTH (t)); }
};
/* hash traits for declarations. Hashes potential overload sets via
DECL_NAME. */

View file

@ -6486,18 +6486,22 @@ maybe_deduce_size_from_array_init (tree decl, tree init)
{
vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *v = CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (initializer);
constructor_elt *ce;
HOST_WIDE_INT i;
HOST_WIDE_INT i, j = 0;
FOR_EACH_VEC_SAFE_ELT (v, i, ce)
{
if (instantiation_dependent_expression_p (ce->index))
return;
if (!check_array_designated_initializer (ce, i))
if (!check_array_designated_initializer (ce, j))
failure = 1;
/* If an un-designated initializer is type-dependent, we can't
check brace elision yet. */
if (ce->index == NULL_TREE
&& type_dependent_expression_p (ce->value))
return;
if (TREE_CODE (ce->value) == RAW_DATA_CST)
j += RAW_DATA_LENGTH (ce->value);
else
++j;
}
}
@ -6853,6 +6857,7 @@ is_direct_enum_init (tree type, tree init)
&& TREE_CODE (init) == CONSTRUCTOR
&& CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DIRECT_INIT (init)
&& CONSTRUCTOR_NELTS (init) == 1
&& TREE_CODE (CONSTRUCTOR_ELT (init, 0)->value) != RAW_DATA_CST
/* DR 2374: The single element needs to be implicitly
convertible to the underlying type of the enum. */
&& !type_dependent_expression_p (CONSTRUCTOR_ELT (init, 0)->value)
@ -6864,6 +6869,36 @@ is_direct_enum_init (tree type, tree init)
return false;
}
/* Helper function for reshape_init*. Split first element of
RAW_DATA_CST and save the rest to d->cur->value. */
static tree
cp_maybe_split_raw_data (reshape_iter *d)
{
if (TREE_CODE (d->cur->value) != RAW_DATA_CST)
return NULL_TREE;
tree ret = *raw_data_iterator (d->cur->value, 0);
++RAW_DATA_POINTER (d->cur->value);
--RAW_DATA_LENGTH (d->cur->value);
if (RAW_DATA_LENGTH (d->cur->value) == 1)
d->cur->value = *raw_data_iterator (d->cur->value, 0);
return ret;
}
/* Wrapper around that which for RAW_DATA_CST in INIT
(as well as in D->cur->value) peels off the first element
of the raw data and returns it, otherwise increments
D->cur and returns INIT. */
static tree
consume_init (tree init, reshape_iter *d)
{
if (tree raw_init = cp_maybe_split_raw_data (d))
return raw_init;
d->cur++;
return init;
}
/* Subroutine of reshape_init_array and reshape_init_vector, which does
the actual work. ELT_TYPE is the element type of the array. MAX_INDEX is an
INTEGER_CST representing the size of the array minus one (the maximum index),
@ -6872,7 +6907,8 @@ is_direct_enum_init (tree type, tree init)
static tree
reshape_init_array_1 (tree elt_type, tree max_index, reshape_iter *d,
tree first_initializer_p, tsubst_flags_t complain)
tree first_initializer_p, bool vector_p,
tsubst_flags_t complain)
{
tree new_init;
bool sized_array_p = (max_index && TREE_CONSTANT (max_index));
@ -6910,6 +6946,7 @@ reshape_init_array_1 (tree elt_type, tree max_index, reshape_iter *d,
max_index_cst = constant_lower_bound (midx);
}
constructor_elt *first_cur = d->cur;
/* Loop until there are no more initializers. */
for (index = 0;
d->cur != d->end && (!sized_array_p || index <= max_index_cst);
@ -6917,16 +6954,78 @@ reshape_init_array_1 (tree elt_type, tree max_index, reshape_iter *d,
{
tree elt_init;
constructor_elt *old_cur = d->cur;
const char *old_raw_data_ptr = NULL;
if (TREE_CODE (d->cur->value) == RAW_DATA_CST)
old_raw_data_ptr = RAW_DATA_POINTER (d->cur->value);
if (d->cur->index)
CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (new_init) = true;
check_array_designated_initializer (d->cur, index);
elt_init = reshape_init_r (elt_type, d,
/*first_initializer_p=*/NULL_TREE,
complain);
if (TREE_CODE (d->cur->value) == RAW_DATA_CST
&& (TREE_CODE (elt_type) == INTEGER_TYPE
|| is_byte_access_type (elt_type))
&& TYPE_PRECISION (elt_type) == CHAR_BIT
&& (!sized_array_p || index < max_index_cst)
&& !vector_p)
{
elt_init = d->cur->value;
if (!sized_array_p
|| ((unsigned) RAW_DATA_LENGTH (d->cur->value)
<= max_index_cst - index + 1))
d->cur++;
else
{
unsigned int len = max_index_cst - index + 1;
if ((unsigned) RAW_DATA_LENGTH (d->cur->value) == len + 1)
d->cur->value
= build_int_cst (integer_type_node,
*(const unsigned char *)
RAW_DATA_POINTER (d->cur->value) + len);
else
{
d->cur->value = copy_node (elt_init);
RAW_DATA_LENGTH (d->cur->value) -= len;
RAW_DATA_POINTER (d->cur->value) += len;
}
RAW_DATA_LENGTH (elt_init) = len;
}
TREE_TYPE (elt_init) = elt_type;
}
else
elt_init = reshape_init_r (elt_type, d,
/*first_initializer_p=*/NULL_TREE,
complain);
if (elt_init == error_mark_node)
return error_mark_node;
tree idx = size_int (index);
if (reuse && old_raw_data_ptr && d->cur == old_cur)
{
/* We need to stop reusing as some RAW_DATA_CST in the original
ctor had to be split. */
new_init = build_constructor (init_list_type_node, NULL);
if (index)
{
vec_safe_grow (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (new_init), index);
memcpy (CONSTRUCTOR_ELT (new_init, 0), first_cur,
(d->cur - first_cur)
* sizeof (*CONSTRUCTOR_ELT (new_init, 0)));
if (CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (first_initializer_p))
{
unsigned int j;
tree nidx, nval;
FOR_EACH_CONSTRUCTOR_ELT (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (new_init),
j, nidx, nval)
if (nidx)
{
CONSTRUCTOR_IS_DESIGNATED_INIT (new_init) = 1;
(void) nval;
break;
}
}
}
reuse = false;
}
if (reuse)
{
old_cur->index = idx;
@ -6939,8 +7038,15 @@ reshape_init_array_1 (tree elt_type, tree max_index, reshape_iter *d,
TREE_CONSTANT (new_init) = false;
/* This can happen with an invalid initializer (c++/54501). */
if (d->cur == old_cur && !sized_array_p)
if (d->cur == old_cur
&& !sized_array_p
&& (old_raw_data_ptr == NULL
|| (TREE_CODE (d->cur->value) == RAW_DATA_CST
&& RAW_DATA_POINTER (d->cur->value) == old_raw_data_ptr)))
break;
if (TREE_CODE (elt_init) == RAW_DATA_CST)
index += RAW_DATA_LENGTH (elt_init) - 1;
}
return new_init;
@ -6961,7 +7067,7 @@ reshape_init_array (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tree first_initializer_p,
max_index = array_type_nelts_minus_one (type);
return reshape_init_array_1 (TREE_TYPE (type), max_index, d,
first_initializer_p, complain);
first_initializer_p, false, complain);
}
/* Subroutine of reshape_init_r, processes the initializers for vectors.
@ -6993,7 +7099,7 @@ reshape_init_vector (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tsubst_flags_t complain)
max_index = size_int (TYPE_VECTOR_SUBPARTS (type) - 1);
return reshape_init_array_1 (TREE_TYPE (type), max_index, d,
NULL_TREE, complain);
NULL_TREE, true, complain);
}
/* Subroutine of reshape_init*: We're initializing an element with TYPE from
@ -7066,8 +7172,12 @@ reshape_init_class (tree type, reshape_iter *d, bool first_initializer_p,
{
tree field_init;
constructor_elt *old_cur = d->cur;
const char *old_raw_data_ptr = NULL;
bool direct_desig = false;
if (TREE_CODE (d->cur->value) == RAW_DATA_CST)
old_raw_data_ptr = RAW_DATA_POINTER (d->cur->value);
/* Handle C++20 designated initializers. */
if (d->cur->index)
{
@ -7181,6 +7291,7 @@ reshape_init_class (tree type, reshape_iter *d, bool first_initializer_p,
is initialized by the designated-initializer-list { D }, where D
is the designated- initializer-clause naming a member of the
anonymous union member." */
gcc_checking_assert (TREE_CODE (d->cur->value) != RAW_DATA_CST);
field_init = reshape_single_init (TREE_TYPE (field),
d->cur->value, complain);
d->cur++;
@ -7193,7 +7304,11 @@ reshape_init_class (tree type, reshape_iter *d, bool first_initializer_p,
if (field_init == error_mark_node)
return error_mark_node;
if (d->cur == old_cur && d->cur->index)
if (d->cur == old_cur
&& d->cur->index
&& (old_raw_data_ptr == NULL
|| (TREE_CODE (d->cur->value) == RAW_DATA_CST
&& RAW_DATA_POINTER (d->cur->value) == old_raw_data_ptr)))
{
/* This can happen with an invalid initializer for a flexible
array member (c++/54441). */
@ -7228,8 +7343,11 @@ reshape_init_class (tree type, reshape_iter *d, bool first_initializer_p,
correspond to all remaining elements of the initializer list (if any). */
if (last_was_pack_expansion)
{
tree init = d->cur->value;
if (tree raw_init = cp_maybe_split_raw_data (d))
init = raw_init;
CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (new_init),
last_was_pack_expansion, d->cur->value);
last_was_pack_expansion, init);
while (d->cur != d->end)
d->cur++;
}
@ -7281,7 +7399,7 @@ reshape_init_r (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tree first_initializer_p,
{
/* A complex type can be initialized from one or two initializers,
but braces are not elided. */
d->cur++;
init = consume_init (init, d);
if (BRACE_ENCLOSED_INITIALIZER_P (stripped_init))
{
if (CONSTRUCTOR_NELTS (stripped_init) > 2)
@ -7296,10 +7414,13 @@ reshape_init_r (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tree first_initializer_p,
{
vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *v = 0;
CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (v, NULL_TREE, init);
CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (v, NULL_TREE, d->cur->value);
tree raw_init = cp_maybe_split_raw_data (d);
CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (v, NULL_TREE,
raw_init ? raw_init : d->cur->value);
if (has_designator_problem (d, complain))
return error_mark_node;
d->cur++;
if (!raw_init)
d->cur++;
init = build_constructor (init_list_type_node, v);
}
return init;
@ -7347,9 +7468,7 @@ reshape_init_r (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tree first_initializer_p,
else
maybe_warn_cpp0x (CPP0X_INITIALIZER_LISTS);
}
d->cur++;
return init;
return consume_init (init, d);
}
/* "If T is a class type and the initializer list has a single element of
@ -7360,6 +7479,7 @@ reshape_init_r (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tree first_initializer_p,
/* But not if it's a designated init. */
&& !d->cur->index
&& d->end - d->cur == 1
&& TREE_CODE (init) != RAW_DATA_CST
&& reference_related_p (type, TREE_TYPE (init)))
{
d->cur++;
@ -7381,12 +7501,14 @@ reshape_init_r (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tree first_initializer_p,
valid aggregate initialization. */
&& !first_initializer_p
&& (same_type_ignoring_top_level_qualifiers_p (type, TREE_TYPE (init))
|| can_convert_arg (type, TREE_TYPE (init), init, LOOKUP_NORMAL,
complain)))
{
d->cur++;
return init;
}
|| can_convert_arg (type, TREE_TYPE (init),
TREE_CODE (init) == RAW_DATA_CST
? build_int_cst (integer_type_node,
*(const unsigned char *)
RAW_DATA_POINTER (init))
: init,
LOOKUP_NORMAL, complain)))
return consume_init (init, d);
/* [dcl.init.string]
@ -7486,7 +7608,7 @@ reshape_init_r (tree type, reshape_iter *d, tree first_initializer_p,
else if (VECTOR_TYPE_P (type))
new_init = reshape_init_vector (type, d, complain);
else
gcc_unreachable();
gcc_unreachable ();
if (braces_elided_p
&& TREE_CODE (new_init) == CONSTRUCTOR)

View file

@ -8520,6 +8520,19 @@ cp_parser_postfix_open_square_expression (cp_parser *parser,
{
while (true)
{
/* Handle #embed in the expression-list. */
if (cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_EMBED))
{
tree raw_data = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
vec_safe_reserve (expression_list,
RAW_DATA_LENGTH (raw_data));
for (tree argument : raw_data_range (raw_data))
expression_list->quick_push (argument);
cp_parser_require (parser, CPP_COMMA, RT_COMMA);
continue;
}
cp_expr expr
= cp_parser_parenthesized_expression_list_elt (parser,
/*cast_p=*/
@ -8987,12 +9000,27 @@ cp_parser_parenthesized_expression_list (cp_parser* parser,
/* At the beginning of attribute lists, check to see if the
next token is an identifier. */
if (is_attribute_list == id_attr
&& cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->type == CPP_NAME)
&& cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_NAME))
expr = cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
else if (is_attribute_list == assume_attr)
expr = cp_parser_conditional_expression (parser);
else if (is_attribute_list == uneval_string_attr)
expr = cp_parser_unevaluated_string_literal (parser);
else if (cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_EMBED))
{
/* Handle #embed in the argument list. */
tree raw_data = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
location_t loc = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->location;
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
vec_safe_reserve (expression_list, RAW_DATA_LENGTH (raw_data));
for (tree arg : raw_data_range (raw_data))
if (wrap_locations_p)
expression_list->quick_push (maybe_wrap_with_location (arg,
loc));
else
expression_list->quick_push (arg);
goto get_comma;
}
else
expr
= cp_parser_parenthesized_expression_list_elt (parser, cast_p,
@ -11103,8 +11131,24 @@ cp_parser_expression (cp_parser* parser, cp_id_kind * pidk,
cp_expr assignment_expression;
/* Parse the next assignment-expression. */
assignment_expression
= cp_parser_assignment_expression (parser, pidk, cast_p, decltype_p);
if (cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_EMBED))
{
/* Users aren't interested in milions of -Wunused-value
warnings when using #embed inside of a comma expression,
and one CPP_NUMBER plus CPP_COMMA before it and one
CPP_COMMA plus CPP_NUMBER after it is guaranteed by
the preprocessor. Thus, parse the whole CPP_EMBED just
as a single INTEGER_CST, the last byte in it. */
tree raw_data = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
location_t loc = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->location;
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
assignment_expression
= *raw_data_iterator (raw_data, RAW_DATA_LENGTH (raw_data) - 1);
assignment_expression.set_location (loc);
}
else
assignment_expression
= cp_parser_assignment_expression (parser, pidk, cast_p, decltype_p);
/* We don't create a temporary for a call that is the immediate operand
of decltype or on the RHS of a comma. But when we see a comma, we
@ -19794,6 +19838,17 @@ cp_parser_template_argument_list (cp_parser* parser)
/* Consume the comma. */
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
/* Handle #embed in the argument list. */
if (cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_EMBED))
{
tree raw_data = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
args.reserve (RAW_DATA_LENGTH (raw_data), false);
for (tree argument : raw_data_range (raw_data))
args.quick_push (argument);
continue;
}
/* Parse the template-argument. */
tree argument = cp_parser_template_argument (parser);
@ -26867,10 +26922,17 @@ cp_parser_initializer_list (cp_parser* parser, bool* non_constant_p,
first_designator = designator;
/* Parse the initializer. */
initializer = cp_parser_initializer_clause (parser,
(non_constant_p != nullptr
? &clause_non_constant_p
: nullptr));
if (cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_EMBED))
{
initializer = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
clause_non_constant_p = false;
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
}
else
initializer = cp_parser_initializer_clause (parser,
(non_constant_p != nullptr
? &clause_non_constant_p
: nullptr));
/* If any clause is non-constant, so is the entire initializer. */
if (non_constant_p && clause_non_constant_p)
*non_constant_p = true;
@ -39340,6 +39402,15 @@ cp_parser_oacc_clause_tile (cp_parser *parser, location_t clause_loc, tree list)
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
expr = integer_zero_node;
}
else if (cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_EMBED))
{
/* Handle #embed in the size-expr-list. */
tree raw_data = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
for (tree argument : raw_data_range (raw_data))
tile = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, argument, tile);
continue;
}
else
expr = cp_parser_constant_expression (parser);
@ -48492,6 +48563,16 @@ cp_parser_omp_tile_sizes (cp_parser *parser, location_t loc)
if (sizes && !cp_parser_require (parser, CPP_COMMA, RT_COMMA))
return error_mark_node;
if (cp_lexer_next_token_is (parser->lexer, CPP_EMBED))
{
/* Handle #embed in the size-expr-list. */
tree raw_data = cp_lexer_peek_token (parser->lexer)->u.value;
cp_lexer_consume_token (parser->lexer);
for (tree argument : raw_data_range (raw_data))
sizes = tree_cons (NULL_TREE, argument, sizes);
continue;
}
tree expr = cp_parser_constant_expression (parser);
if (expr == error_mark_node)
{

View file

@ -21958,6 +21958,14 @@ tsubst_expr (tree t, tree args, tsubst_flags_t complain, tree in_decl)
RETURN (r);
}
case RAW_DATA_CST:
{
tree type = tsubst (TREE_TYPE (t), args, complain, in_decl);
r = copy_node (t);
TREE_TYPE (r) = type;
RETURN (r);
}
case PTRMEM_CST:
/* These can sometimes show up in a partial instantiation, but never
involve template parms. */

View file

@ -1311,6 +1311,36 @@ digest_init_r (tree type, tree init, int nested, int flags,
a parenthesized list. */
if (nested && !(flags & LOOKUP_AGGREGATE_PAREN_INIT))
flags |= LOOKUP_NO_NARROWING;
if (TREE_CODE (init) == RAW_DATA_CST && !TYPE_UNSIGNED (type))
{
tree ret = init;
if ((flags & LOOKUP_NO_NARROWING) || warn_conversion)
for (unsigned int i = 0;
i < (unsigned) RAW_DATA_LENGTH (init); ++i)
if (RAW_DATA_SCHAR_ELT (init, i) < 0)
{
if ((flags & LOOKUP_NO_NARROWING))
{
tree elt
= build_int_cst (integer_type_node,
RAW_DATA_UCHAR_ELT (init, i));
if (!check_narrowing (type, elt, complain, false))
{
if (!(complain & tf_warning_or_error))
ret = error_mark_node;
continue;
}
}
if (warn_conversion)
warning (OPT_Wconversion,
"conversion from %qT to %qT changes value from "
"%qd to %qd",
integer_type_node, type,
RAW_DATA_UCHAR_ELT (init, i),
RAW_DATA_SCHAR_ELT (init, i));
}
return ret;
}
init = convert_for_initialization (0, type, init, flags,
ICR_INIT, NULL_TREE, 0,
complain);
@ -1559,7 +1589,7 @@ static int
process_init_constructor_array (tree type, tree init, int nested, int flags,
tsubst_flags_t complain)
{
unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT i, len = 0;
unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT i, j, len = 0;
int picflags = 0;
bool unbounded = false;
constructor_elt *ce;
@ -1602,11 +1632,12 @@ process_init_constructor_array (tree type, tree init, int nested, int flags,
return PICFLAG_ERRONEOUS;
}
j = 0;
FOR_EACH_VEC_SAFE_ELT (v, i, ce)
{
if (!ce->index)
ce->index = size_int (i);
else if (!check_array_designated_initializer (ce, i))
ce->index = size_int (j);
else if (!check_array_designated_initializer (ce, j))
ce->index = error_mark_node;
gcc_assert (ce->value);
ce->value
@ -1628,6 +1659,10 @@ process_init_constructor_array (tree type, tree init, int nested, int flags,
CONSTRUCTOR_PLACEHOLDER_BOUNDARY (init) = 1;
CONSTRUCTOR_PLACEHOLDER_BOUNDARY (ce->value) = 0;
}
if (TREE_CODE (ce->value) == RAW_DATA_CST)
j += RAW_DATA_LENGTH (ce->value);
else
++j;
}
/* No more initializers. If the array is unbounded, we are done. Otherwise,

View file

@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
/* { dg-do run } */
/* { dg-options "-O2 -Wno-psabi" } */
/* { dg-additional-options "-std=c23" { target c } } */
typedef unsigned char V __attribute__((vector_size (128)));
V a;
void
foo (void)
{
V b = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (128) gnu::offset (3)
};
a = b;
}
const unsigned char c[] = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (128) gnu::offset (3)
};
int
main ()
{
foo ();
if (__builtin_memcmp (&c[0], &a, sizeof (a)))
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
/* { dg-do run } */
/* { dg-options "-O2" } */
/* { dg-additional-options "-std=gnu23" { target c } } */
typedef unsigned char V __attribute__((vector_size (16)));
struct S { _Complex double a; V b; int c; };
struct T { int a; struct S b; int c; struct S d; int e; unsigned char f[22]; _Complex long double g; };
const unsigned char a[] = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (124)
};
const struct T b[2] = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (124)
};
int
main ()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
if (b[i].a != a[i * 62]
|| __real__ b[i].b.a != a[i * 62 + 1]
|| __imag__ b[i].b.a
|| __builtin_memcmp (&b[i].b.b, &a[i * 62 + 2], 16)
|| b[i].b.c != a[i * 62 + 18]
|| b[i].c != a[i * 62 + 19]
|| __real__ b[i].d.a != a[i * 62 + 20]
|| __imag__ b[i].d.a
|| __builtin_memcmp (&b[i].d.b, &a[i * 62 + 21], 16)
|| b[i].d.c != a[i * 62 + 37]
|| b[i].e != a[i * 62 + 38]
|| __builtin_memcmp (&b[i].f[0], &a[i * 62 + 39], 22)
|| __real__ b[i].g != a[i * 62 + 61]
|| __imag__ b[i].g)
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
// { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
// { dg-options "--embed-dir=${srcdir}/c-c++-common/cpp/embed-dir" }
const unsigned char m[] = {
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (136)
};
struct S
{
S () : a {} {};
template <typename ...T>
int &operator[] (T... args)
{
int b[] = { args... };
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof (b) / sizeof (b[0]); ++i)
if (b[i] != m[i])
return a[137];
return a[sizeof (b) / sizeof (b[0])];
}
int a[138];
};
S s;
int
main ()
{
if (&s[
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (1)
] != &s.a[1])
__builtin_abort ();
if (&s[
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (6)
] != &s.a[6])
__builtin_abort ();
if (&s[
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (135)
] != &s.a[135])
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
// { dg-do run }
// { dg-options "-Wunused-value" }
#include <stdarg.h>
const unsigned char a[] = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (128)
};
int
foo (int x, ...)
{
if (x != 42)
return 2;
va_list ap;
va_start (ap, x);
for (int i = 0; i < 128; ++i)
if (va_arg (ap, int) != a[i])
{
va_end (ap);
return 1;
}
va_end (ap);
return 0;
}
int b, c;
int
main ()
{
if (foo (42,
#embed __FILE__ limit (128)
))
__builtin_abort ();
b = (
#embed __FILE__ limit (128) prefix (c = 2 * ) suffix ( + 6) // { dg-warning "right operand of comma operator has no effect" }
);
if (b != a[127] + 6 || c != 2 * a[0])
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
// { dg-do compile }
// { dg-options "-Wnonnull" }
#define A(n) int *p##n
#define B(n) A(n##0), A(n##1), A(n##2), A(n##3), A(n##4), A(n##5), A(n##6), A(n##7)
#define C(n) B(n##0), B(n##1), B(n##2), B(n##3), B(n##4), B(n##5), B(n##6), B(n##7)
#define D C(0), C(1), C(2), C(3)
void foo (D) __attribute__((nonnull ( // { dg-message "in a call to function '\[^\n\r]*' declared 'nonnull'" }
#embed __FILE__ limit (128)
)));
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
[[gnu::nonnull (
#embed __FILE__ limit (128)
)]] void bar (D); // { dg-message "in a call to function '\[^\n\r]*' declared 'nonnull'" "" { target c++11 } }
#else
void bar (D) __attribute__((nonnull ( // { dg-message "in a call to function '\[^\n\r]*' declared 'nonnull'" "" { target c++98_only } }
#embed __FILE__ limit (128)
)));
#endif
#undef A
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
#define A(n) nullptr
#else
#define A(n) 0
#endif
void
baz ()
{
foo (D); // { dg-warning "argument \[0-9]\+ null where non-null expected" }
bar (D); // { dg-warning "argument \[0-9]\+ null where non-null expected" }
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
// { dg-do run { target c++17_down } }
// { dg-options "" }
const unsigned char r[64] = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (64)
};
struct S { int a; long b; unsigned char c[63]; int d; };
S s = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (64) prefix (.a = 1, .b = ) suffix (, .d = 2)
};
const unsigned char t[66] = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (64) prefix ([0] = 1, [1] =) suffix (, [65] = 2)
};
int u[] = { [0] =
#embed __FILE__ limit (64)
};
int
main ()
{
if (s.a != 1 || s.b != r[0] || __builtin_memcmp (s.c, r + 1, 63) || s.d != 2)
__builtin_abort ();
if (t[0] != 1 || __builtin_memcmp (t + 1, r, 64) || t[65] != 2)
__builtin_abort ();
for (int i = 0; i < 64; ++i)
if (u[i] != r[i])
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
// { dg-do compile }
// { dg-options "" }
struct S { int a; long b; unsigned char c[63]; int d; };
S s = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (64) prefix (.a = 1, .b = ) suffix (, .d = 2) // { dg-error "either all initializer clauses should be designated or none of them should be" "" { target c++20 } }
};
const unsigned char t[66] = {
#embed __FILE__ limit (64) prefix ([0] = 1, [1] =) suffix (, [65] = 2) // { dg-error "either all initializer clauses should be designated or none of them should be" "" { target c++20 } }
};
int u[] = { [0] =
#embed __FILE__ limit (64) // { dg-error "either all initializer clauses should be designated or none of them should be" "" { target c++20 } }
};

View file

@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
// { dg-do run { target c++11 } }
// { dg-options "" }
constexpr unsigned char a[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
constexpr unsigned char
foo (int x)
{
return a[x];
}
constexpr unsigned char b = a[32];
constexpr unsigned char c = foo (42);
#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
constexpr bool
bar ()
{
unsigned char d[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
d[42] = ' ';
d[32] = 'X';
d[0] = d[1] + 16;
d[sizeof (d) - 1] = d[42] - ' ';
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof (d); ++i)
switch (i)
{
case 0:
if (d[i] != a[1] + 16)
return false;
break;
case 32:
if (d[i] != 'X')
return false;
break;
case 42:
if (d[i] != ' ')
return false;
break;
case sizeof (d) - 1:
if (d[i] != 0)
return false;
break;
default:
if (d[i] != a[i])
return false;
break;
}
return true;
}
static_assert (bar (), "");
#endif
int
main ()
{
unsigned char e[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
if (b != e[32] || c != e[42])
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
// { dg-do run { target c++14 } }
// { dg-options "" }
template <typename T>
constexpr T a[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
template <typename T>
constexpr T
foo (int x)
{
return a<T>[x];
}
constexpr unsigned char b = a<unsigned char>[32];
constexpr unsigned char c = foo<unsigned char> (42);
constexpr int b2 = a<int>[32];
constexpr int c2 = foo<int> (42);
template <typename T>
constexpr bool
bar ()
{
T d[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
d[42] = ' ';
d[32] = 'X';
d[0] = d[1] + 16;
d[sizeof (d) / sizeof (T) - 1] = d[42] - ' ';
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof (d) / sizeof (T); ++i)
switch (i)
{
case 0:
if (d[i] != a<T>[1] + 16)
return false;
break;
case 32:
if (d[i] != 'X')
return false;
break;
case 42:
if (d[i] != ' ')
return false;
break;
case sizeof (d) / sizeof (T) - 1:
if (d[i] != 0)
return false;
break;
default:
if (d[i] != a<T>[i])
return false;
break;
}
return true;
}
static_assert (bar<unsigned char> (), "");
static_assert (bar<int> (), "");
int
main ()
{
unsigned char e[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
if (b != e[32] || c != e[42])
__builtin_abort ();
if (b2 != b || c2 != c)
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
// { dg-do run { target c++14 } }
// { dg-options "" }
template <typename T>
constexpr unsigned char a[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
template <typename T>
constexpr unsigned char
foo (int x)
{
return a<T>[x];
}
constexpr unsigned char b = a<unsigned char>[32];
constexpr unsigned char c = foo<unsigned char> (42);
constexpr unsigned char b2 = a<int>[32];
constexpr unsigned char c2 = foo<int> (42);
template <typename T>
constexpr bool
bar ()
{
unsigned char d[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
d[42] = ' ';
d[32] = 'X';
d[0] = d[1] + 16;
d[sizeof (d) - 1] = d[42] - ' ';
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof (d); ++i)
switch (i)
{
case 0:
if (d[i] != a<T>[1] + 16)
return false;
break;
case 32:
if (d[i] != 'X')
return false;
break;
case 42:
if (d[i] != ' ')
return false;
break;
case sizeof (d) - 1:
if (d[i] != 0)
return false;
break;
default:
if (d[i] != a<T>[i])
return false;
break;
}
return true;
}
static_assert (bar<unsigned char> (), "");
static_assert (bar<int> (), "");
int
main ()
{
unsigned char e[] = {
#embed __FILE__
};
if (b != e[32] || c != e[42])
__builtin_abort ();
if (b2 != b || c2 != c)
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
// This is a comment with some UTF-8 non-ASCII characters: áéíóú.
// { dg-do compile { target c++11 } }
// { dg-options "" } */
const signed char a[] = {
#embed __FILE__
}; // { dg-error "narrowing conversion of '\[12]\[0-9]\[0-9]' from 'int' to 'const signed char'" }

View file

@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
// This is a comment with some UTF-8 non-ASCII characters: áéíóú.
// { dg-do compile { target c++11 } }
// { dg-options "-Wno-narrowing -Wconversion" }
const signed char a[] = {
#embed __FILE__
}; // { dg-warning "conversion from 'int' to 'const signed char' changes value from '\[12]\[0-9]\[0-9]' to '-\[0-9]\[0-9]*'" }

View file

@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
// { dg-do run { target c++11 } }
// { dg-options "--embed-dir=${srcdir}/c-c++-common/cpp/embed-dir" }
const unsigned char m[] = {
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (131)
};
template <int ...N>
int
foo ()
{
unsigned char a[] = { N... };
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof (a); ++i)
if (a[i] != m[i])
return -1;
return sizeof (a);
}
template <typename ...T>
int
bar (T... args)
{
int a[] = { args... };
for (int i = 0; i < sizeof (a) / sizeof (a[0]); ++i)
if (a[i] != m[i])
return -1;
return sizeof (a) / sizeof (a[0]);
}
int
main ()
{
if (foo <
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (1)
> () != 1)
__builtin_abort ();
if (foo <
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (6)
> () != 6)
__builtin_abort ();
if (foo <
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (131)
> () != 131)
__builtin_abort ();
if (bar (
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (1)
) != 1)
__builtin_abort ();
if (bar (
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (6)
) != 6)
__builtin_abort ();
if (bar (
#embed <magna-carta.txt> limit (131)
) != 131)
__builtin_abort ();
}

View file

@ -1172,6 +1172,10 @@ extern void omp_clause_range_check_failed (const_tree, const char *, int,
(RAW_DATA_CST_CHECK (NODE)->raw_data_cst.str)
#define RAW_DATA_OWNER(NODE) \
(RAW_DATA_CST_CHECK (NODE)->raw_data_cst.owner)
#define RAW_DATA_UCHAR_ELT(NODE, I) \
(((const unsigned char *) RAW_DATA_POINTER (NODE))[I])
#define RAW_DATA_SCHAR_ELT(NODE, I) \
(((const signed char *) RAW_DATA_POINTER (NODE))[I])
/* In a COMPLEX_CST node. */
#define TREE_REALPART(NODE) (COMPLEX_CST_CHECK (NODE)->complex.real)

View file

@ -1243,8 +1243,7 @@ finish_embed (cpp_reader *pfile, _cpp_file *file,
limit = params->limit;
size_t embed_tokens = 0;
if (!CPP_OPTION (pfile, cplusplus)
&& CPP_OPTION (pfile, lang) != CLK_ASM
if (CPP_OPTION (pfile, lang) != CLK_ASM
&& limit >= 64)
embed_tokens = ((limit - 2) / INT_MAX) + (((limit - 2) % INT_MAX) != 0);