(Dired): Mention C-x C-d too.
(Dired Enter): Document M-n in the Dired minibuffer. (Dired Navigation): Explain dired-goto-file more clearly. Document dired-isearch-filenames. (Dired Deletion): Remove unnecessary "expunged" terminology. (Flagging Many Files): & is now rebound to `% &'. (Shell Commands in Dired): Document dired-do-async-shell-command. Clarify how multi-file arguments are passed. (Misc Dired Features): Document dired-do-isearch.
This commit is contained in:
Chong Yidong
parent
6337bbdeda
commit
fac6225b93
1 changed files with 151 additions and 117 deletions
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@ -11,20 +11,24 @@
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Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and
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optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal
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Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands
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to operate on the files listed.
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Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired
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commands to operate on the listed files.
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The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not
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useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x}
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are redefined for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands
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@dfn{mark} or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on
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the current line); other commands operate on the marked files or on
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the flagged files. You first mark certain files in order to operate
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on all of them with on command.
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allowed. Ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} are
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redefined for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands @dfn{mark}
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or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on the current
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line); other commands operate on the marked files or on the flagged
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files. You first mark certain files in order to operate on all of
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them with one command.
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The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode.
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@xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}.
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You can also view a list of files in a directory with @kbd{C-x C-d}
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(@code{list-directory}). Unlike Dired, this command does not allow
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you to operate on the listed files. @xref{Directories}.
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@menu
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* Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired.
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* Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
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@ -56,12 +60,17 @@ on all of them with on command.
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@findex dired
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@kindex C-x d
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@vindex dired-listing-switches
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To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command
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reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer
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argument to specify the files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a
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directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from
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@code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so
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that the special commands of Dired are available.
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To invoke Dired, type @kbd{C-x d} (@code{dired}). This reads a
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directory name using the minibuffer, and opens a @dfn{Dired buffer}
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listing the files in that directory. You can also supply a wildcard
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file name pattern as the minibuffer argument, in which case the Dired
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buffer lists all files matching that pattern. The usual history and
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completion commands can be used in the minibuffer; in particular,
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@kbd{M-n} puts the name of the visited file (if any) in the minibuffer
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(@pxref{Minibuffer History}).
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You can also invoke Dired by giving @kbd{C-x C-f} (@code{find-file})
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a directory name.
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The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to
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give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must}
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@ -76,7 +85,6 @@ options (starting with @samp{--}) whose arguments are specified with
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On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, Emacs @emph{emulates} @code{ls};
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see @ref{ls in Lisp}, for options and peculiarities of that emulation.
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@findex dired-other-window
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@kindex C-x 4 d
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@findex dired-other-frame
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@ -98,14 +106,28 @@ the beginning of the line.
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@kindex SPC @r{(Dired)}
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For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent
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to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is
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so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL}
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(move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up.
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to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines
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is so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL}
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(move up and unflag) is also often useful simply for moving up
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(@pxref{Dired Deletion}).
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@findex dired-goto-file
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@kindex j @r{(Dired)}
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@kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that
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describes a specified file or directory.
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@kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) prompts for a file name using the
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minibuffer, and moves point to the line in the Dired buffer describing
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that file.
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@cindex searching Dired buffers
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@vindex dired-isearch-filenames
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@kbd{M-s f C-s} (@code{dired-isearch-filenames}) performs a forward
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incremental search in the Dired buffer, looking for matches only
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amongst the file names and ignoring the rest of the text in the
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buffer. @kbd{M-s f M-C-s} (@code{dired-isearch-filenames-regexp})
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does the same, using a regular expression search. If you change the
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variable @var{dired-isearch-filenames} to non-@code{nil}, then the
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usual search commands also limit themselves to the file names; for
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instance, @kbd{C-s} behaves like @kbd{M-s f C-s}. @xref{Search}, for
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information about incremental search.
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Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired
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buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}.
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@ -151,14 +173,12 @@ like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1.
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@kindex x @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-do-flagged-delete
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@cindex expunging (Dired)
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To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x}
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(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). (This is also known as
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@dfn{expunging}.) This command first displays a list of all the file
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names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}.
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If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their
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lines from the text of the Dired buffer. The Dired buffer, with
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somewhat fewer lines, remains selected.
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(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). This command first displays a list
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of all the file names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation
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with @kbd{yes}. If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then
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deletes their lines from the text of the Dired buffer. The Dired
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buffer, with somewhat fewer lines, remains selected.
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If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you
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return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in
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@ -176,6 +196,9 @@ be somewhat risky.
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@section Flagging Many Files at Once
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@cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired)
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The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{.}, @kbd{% &}, and @kbd{% d} commands
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flag many files for deletion, based on their file names:
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@table @kbd
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@item #
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Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#})
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@ -185,59 +208,43 @@ for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}).
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Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion
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(@pxref{Backup}).
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@item &
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Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest
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you could easily create those files again.
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@item .@: @r{(Period)}
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Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest
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few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are
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flagged.
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@item % &
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Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest
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you could easily create those files again.
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@item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET}
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Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression
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@var{regexp}.
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@end table
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The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for
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deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful
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precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can
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remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to
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keep.@refill
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@kindex & @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-garbage-files
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@vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp
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@cindex deleting some backup files
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@kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names
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match the regular expression specified by the variable
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@code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain
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files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and
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@samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}.
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@kindex # @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-auto-save-files
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@cindex deleting auto-save files
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@kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all
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files whose names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose
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names begin and end with @samp{#}. @xref{Auto Save}.
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@kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags all files whose
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names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose names begin and
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end with @samp{#}. @xref{Auto Save}.
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@kindex ~ @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-backup-files
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@kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all
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files whose names say they are backup files---that is, files whose
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names end in @samp{~}. @xref{Backup}.
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@kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags all files whose names
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say they are backup files---that is, files whose names end in
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@samp{~}. @xref{Backup}.
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@kindex . @r{(Dired)}
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@vindex dired-kept-versions
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@findex dired-clean-directory
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@kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the
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backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups
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of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not}
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@code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the
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number of newest versions of each file to keep, and
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@code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to
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keep.
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@kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of
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the backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few
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backups of any one file. Normally, the number of newest versions kept
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for each file is given by the variable @code{dired-kept-versions}
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(@strong{not} @code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when
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saving). The number of oldest versions to keep is given by the
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variable @code{kept-old-versions}.
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||||
|
||||
Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .},
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specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
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@ -245,14 +252,24 @@ specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding
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|||
@code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to
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specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep.
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@kindex % & @r{(Dired)}
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@findex dired-flag-garbage-files
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||||
@vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp
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@cindex deleting some backup files
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@kbd{% &} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names
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match the regular expression specified by the variable
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@code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain
|
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files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and
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@samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}.
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|
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@findex dired-flag-files-regexp
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@kindex % d @r{(Dired)}
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The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified
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regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the
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non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use
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@samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude certain
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subdirectories from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}.
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@xref{Hiding Subdirectories}.
|
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@kbd{% d} flags all files whose names match a specified regular
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expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the non-directory
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part of the file name is used in matching. You can use @samp{^} and
|
||||
@samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude certain subdirectories
|
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from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}. @xref{Hiding
|
||||
Subdirectories}.
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@node Dired Visiting
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@section Visiting Files in Dired
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@ -328,7 +345,7 @@ for @file{..} and typing @kbd{f} there.
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Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the
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file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired
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commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}. The
|
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only command that operates on flagged files is @kbd{x}, which expunges
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only command that operates on flagged files is @kbd{x}, which deletes
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them.
|
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|
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Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, for unmarking, and
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@ -708,18 +725,25 @@ more matches. @xref{Tags Search}.
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@kindex X @r{(Dired)}
|
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The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a
|
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shell command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on
|
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all the specified files. (@kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.) You can
|
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specify the files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands
|
||||
(@pxref{Operating on Files}).
|
||||
one or more files. The files that the shell command operates on are
|
||||
determined in the usual way for Dired commands (@pxref{Operating on
|
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Files}). The command @kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.
|
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|
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The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory
|
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of the Dired buffer.
|
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The command @kbd{&} (@code{dired-do-async-shell-command}) does the
|
||||
same, except that it runs the shell command asynchronously. You can
|
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also do this with @kbd{!}, by appending a @samp{&} character to the
|
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end of the shell command.
|
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|
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There are two ways of applying a shell command to multiple files:
|
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For both @kbd{!} and @kbd{&}, the working directory for the shell
|
||||
command is the top-level directory of the Dired buffer.
|
||||
|
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If you tell @kbd{!} or @kbd{&} to operate on more than one file, the
|
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shell command string determines how those files are passed to the
|
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shell command:
|
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|
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@itemize @bullet
|
||||
@item
|
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If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command,
|
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If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the command string,
|
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then the command runs just once, with the list of file names
|
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substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of
|
||||
appearance in the Dired buffer.
|
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|
|
@ -729,22 +753,21 @@ list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}.
|
|||
|
||||
If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around
|
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it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*};
|
||||
but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does
|
||||
not treat it specially.
|
||||
but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does not
|
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treat it specially.
|
||||
|
||||
@item
|
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If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by
|
||||
whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file
|
||||
name is added at the end.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each
|
||||
file.
|
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Otherwise, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by
|
||||
whitespace, Emacs runs the shell command once @emph{for each file},
|
||||
substituting the current file name for @samp{?} each time. You can
|
||||
use @samp{?} more than once in the command; the same file name
|
||||
replaces each occurrence.
|
||||
|
||||
@item
|
||||
However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by
|
||||
whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather
|
||||
than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once
|
||||
in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence.
|
||||
If the command string contains neither @samp{*} nor @samp{?}, Emacs
|
||||
runs the shell command once for each file, adding the file name is
|
||||
added at the end. For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs
|
||||
@code{uudecode} on each file.
|
||||
@end itemize
|
||||
|
||||
To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an
|
||||
|
|
@ -756,11 +779,13 @@ name:
|
|||
for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done
|
||||
@end example
|
||||
|
||||
The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to
|
||||
show new or modified files, because it doesn't understand shell
|
||||
commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use
|
||||
the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired
|
||||
Updating}).
|
||||
The @kbd{!} and @kbd{&} commands do not attempt to update the Dired
|
||||
buffer to show new or modified files, because they don't know what
|
||||
files will be changed. Use the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired
|
||||
buffer (@pxref{Dired Updating}).
|
||||
|
||||
@xref{Single Shell}, for information about running shell commands
|
||||
outside Dired.
|
||||
|
||||
@node Transforming File Names
|
||||
@section Transforming File Names in Dired
|
||||
|
|
@ -925,9 +950,6 @@ subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header
|
|||
line to delete the subdirectory (@pxref{Dired Updating}). You can also
|
||||
hide and show inserted subdirectories (@pxref{Hiding Subdirectories}).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ifnottex
|
||||
@include dired-xtra.texi
|
||||
@end ifnottex
|
||||
|
|
@ -1103,7 +1125,7 @@ indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date.
|
|||
@cindex @code{find} and Dired
|
||||
|
||||
You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more
|
||||
flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files.
|
||||
flexibly by using the @command{find} utility to choose the files.
|
||||
|
||||
@findex find-name-dired
|
||||
To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
|
||||
|
|
@ -1117,21 +1139,22 @@ ordinary Dired commands are available.
|
|||
@findex find-grep-dired
|
||||
If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names,
|
||||
use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer
|
||||
arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in
|
||||
@var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
|
||||
@var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and
|
||||
@code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}.
|
||||
Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs.
|
||||
(An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given
|
||||
regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.)
|
||||
arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files
|
||||
in @var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for
|
||||
@var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @command{find} and
|
||||
@command{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep
|
||||
Searching}. Remember to write the regular expression for
|
||||
@command{grep}, not for Emacs. (An alternative method of showing
|
||||
files whose contents match a given regexp is the @kbd{% g
|
||||
@var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.)
|
||||
|
||||
@findex find-dired
|
||||
The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which
|
||||
lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two
|
||||
minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs
|
||||
@code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell
|
||||
@code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to
|
||||
know how to use @code{find}.
|
||||
The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired},
|
||||
which lets you specify any condition that @command{find} can test. It
|
||||
takes two minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args};
|
||||
it runs @command{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to
|
||||
tell @command{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you
|
||||
need to know how to use @command{find}.
|
||||
|
||||
@vindex find-ls-option
|
||||
The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the
|
||||
|
|
@ -1144,7 +1167,7 @@ may need to change the value of this variable.
|
|||
@cindex file database (locate)
|
||||
@vindex locate-command
|
||||
The command @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the
|
||||
@code{locate} program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but
|
||||
@command{locate} program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but
|
||||
keeps only files whose names match a given regular expression.
|
||||
|
||||
These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers: file
|
||||
|
|
@ -1159,9 +1182,9 @@ and erases all flags and marks.
|
|||
@findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode
|
||||
Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations
|
||||
by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands
|
||||
for ``writable.'') To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{C-x C-q} or @kbd{M-x
|
||||
wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively,
|
||||
use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu.
|
||||
for ``writable.'') To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{C-x C-q}
|
||||
(@code{dired-toggle-read-only}) while in a Dired buffer.
|
||||
Alternatively, use the @samp{Immediate / Edit File Names} menu item.
|
||||
|
||||
@findex wdired-finish-edit
|
||||
While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names
|
||||
|
|
@ -1262,16 +1285,27 @@ rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN.
|
|||
|
||||
@kindex + @r{(Dired)}
|
||||
@findex dired-create-directory
|
||||
An unusual Dired file-operation command is @kbd{+}
|
||||
(@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name,
|
||||
and creates the directory if it does not already exist.
|
||||
The command @kbd{+} (@code{dired-create-directory}) reads a
|
||||
directory name, and creates the directory if it does not already
|
||||
exist.
|
||||
|
||||
@cindex searching multiple files via Dired
|
||||
The command @kbd{M-s a C-s} (@code{dired-do-isearch}) begins a
|
||||
``multi-file'' incremental search on the marked files. If a search
|
||||
fails at the end of a file, typing @kbd{C-s} advances to the next
|
||||
marked file and repeats the search; at the end of the last marked
|
||||
file, the search wraps around to the first marked file. The command
|
||||
@kbd{M-s a M-C-s} (@code{dired-do-isearch-regexp}) does the same with
|
||||
a regular expression search. @xref{Repeat Isearch}, for information
|
||||
about search repetition.
|
||||
|
||||
@cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired.
|
||||
@kindex w @r{(Dired)}
|
||||
@findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill
|
||||
The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the
|
||||
The command @kbd{w} (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the
|
||||
names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if
|
||||
you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space.
|
||||
you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a
|
||||
space.
|
||||
|
||||
With a zero prefix argument, this uses the absolute file name of
|
||||
each marked file. With just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Add table
Reference in a new issue