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calc.texi (Logarithmic Units): New section

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Jay Belanger 2011-02-06 19:35:09 -06:00
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doc/misc/ChangeLog
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@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
2011-02-07 Jay Belanger <jay.p.belanger@gmail.com>
* calc.texi (Logarithmic Units): New section.
2011-02-05 Teodor Zlatanov <tzz@lifelogs.com>
* gnus-overrides.texi: Renamed from overrides.texi and all the relevant

281
doc/misc/calc.texi
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@ -27675,6 +27675,7 @@ begin with the @kbd{u} prefix key.
* The Units Table::
* Predefined Units::
* User-Defined Units::
* Logarithmic Units::
@end menu
@node Basic Operations on Units, The Units Table, Units, Units
@ -28036,7 +28037,7 @@ really is unitless.)
@c Describe angular units, luminosity vs. steradians problem.
@node User-Defined Units, , Predefined Units, Units
@node User-Defined Units, Logarithmic Units, Predefined Units, Units
@section User-Defined Units
@noindent
@ -28120,6 +28121,249 @@ was already a set of user-defined units in your Calc init file, it
is replaced by the new set. (@xref{General Mode Commands}, for a way to
tell Calc to use a different file for the Calc init file.)
@node Logarithmic Units, , User-Defined Units, Units
@section Logarithmic Units
The units @code{dB} (decibels) and @code{Np} (nepers) are logarithmic
units which are typically manipulated differently than standard units.
Calc provides commands to work with these logarithmic units.
Decibels and nepers are used to measure power quantities as well as
field quantities (quantities whose squares are proportional to power).
The decibel and neper values of a quantity are relative to
a reference quantity; for example, the decibel value of a sound
pressure level of
@infoline @math{60 uPa}
@texline @math{60 \mu{\rm Pa}}
relative to
@infoline @math{20 uPa}
@texline @math{20 \mu{\rm Pa}}
(the threshhold of human hearing) is
@infoline @math{20 log10(60 uPa/ 20 uPa) dB = 20 log10(3) dB},
@texline @math{20 \log_{10}(60 \mu{\rm Pa}/20 \mu{\rm Pa}) {\rm dB} =
20 \log_{10}(3) {\rm dB}},
which is about
@infoline @math{9.54 dB}.
@texline @math{9.54 {\rm dB}}.
Note that in taking the ratio, the original units cancel and so these
logarithmic units are dimensionless.
@vindex calc-logunits-power-reference
@vindex calc-logunits-field-reference
The Calc commands for the logarithmic units assume that power quantities
are being used unless the @kbd{H} prefix is used, in which case they assume that
field quantities are being used. For power quantities, Calc uses
@infoline @math{1 mW}
@texline @math{1 {\rm mW}}
as the default reference quantity; this default can be changed by changing
the value of the customizable variable
@code{calc-logunits-power-reference} (@pxref{Customizing Calc}).
For field quantities, Calc uses
@infoline @math{20 uPa}
@texline @math{20 \mu{\rm Pa}}
as the default reference quantity; this is the value used in acoustics
which is where decibels are commonly encountered. This default can be
changed by changing the value of the customizable variable
@code{calc-logunits-field-reference} (@pxref{Customizing Calc}). A
non-default reference quantity will be read from the stack if the
capital @kbd{O} prefix is used.
The decibel level of a power
@infoline @math{P1},
@texline @math{P_1},
relative to a reference power
@infoline @math{P0},
@texline @math{P_0},
is defined to be
@infoline @math{10 log10(P1/P0) dB}.
@texline @math{10 \log_{10}(P_{1}/P_{0}) {\rm dB}}.
(The factor of 10 is because a decibel, as its name implies, is
one-tenth of a bel. The bel, named after Alexander Graham Bell, was
considered to be too large of a unit and was effectively replaced by
the decibel.) If @math{F} is a field quantity with power
@math{P=k F^2}, then a reference quantity of
@infoline @math{F0}
@texline @math{F_0}
would correspond to a power of
@infoline @math{P0=k F0^2}.
@texline @math{P_{0}=kF_{0}^2}.
If
@infoline @math{P1=k F1^2},
@texline @math{P_{1}=kF_{1}^2},
then
@ifnottex
@example
10 log10(P1/P0) = 10 log10(F1^2/F0^2) = 20 log10(F1/F0).
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
$$ 10 \log_{10}(P_1/P_0) = 10 \log_{10}(F_1^2/F_0^2) = 20
\log_{10}(F_1/F_0)$$
@end tex
@noindent
In order to get the same decibel level regardless of whether a field
quantity or the corresponding power quantity is used, the decibel
level of a field quantity
@infoline @math{F1},
@texline @math{F_1},
relative to a reference
@infoline @math{F0},
@texline @math{F_0},
is defined as
@infoline @math{20 log10(F1/F0) dB}.
@texline @math{20 \log_{10}(F_{1}/F_{0}) {\rm dB}}.
Nepers (named after John Napier, who is credited with inventing the
logarithm) are similar to bels except they use natural logarithms instead
of common logarithms. The neper level of a power
@infoline @math{P1},
@texline @math{P_1},
relative to a reference power
@infoline @math{P0},
@texline @math{P_0},
is
@infoline @math{(1/2) ln(P1/P0) Np}.
@texline @math{(1/2) \ln(P_1/P_0) {\rm Np}}.
The neper level of a field
@infoline @math{F1},
@texline @math{F_1},
relative to a reference field
@infoline @math{F0},
@texline @math{F_0},
is
@infoline @math{ln(F1/F0) Np}.
@texline @math{\ln(F_1/F_0) {\rm Np}}.
@kindex l q
@pindex calc-logunits-quantity
@tindex powerquant
@tindex fieldquant
The @kbd{l q} (@code{calc-logunits-quantity}) [@code{powerquant}]
command computes the power quantity corresponding to a given number of
logarithmic units. With the capital @kbd{O} prefix, @kbd{O l q}, the
reference level will be read from the top of the stack. (In an
algebraic formula, @code{powerquant} can be given an optional second
argument which will be used for the reference level.) For example,
@code{20 dB @key{RET} l q} will return @code{100 mW};
@code{20 dB @key{RET} 4 W @key{RET} O l q} will return @code{400 W}.
The @kbd{H l q} [@code{fieldquant}] command behaves like @kbd{l q} but
computes field quantities instead of power quantities.
@kindex l d
@pindex calc-logunits-dblevel
@tindex dbpowerlevel
@tindex dbfieldlevel
@kindex l n
@pindex calc-logunits-nplevel
@tindex nppowerlevel
@tindex npfieldlevel
The @kbd{l d} (@code{calc-logunits-dblevel}) [@code{dbpowerlevel}]
command will compute the decibel level of a power quantity using the
default reference level; @kbd{H l d} [@code{dbfieldlevel}] will
compute the decibel level of a field quantity. The commands @kbd{l n}
(@code{calc-logunits-nplevel}) [@code{nppowerlevel}] and @kbd{H l n}
[@code{npfieldlevel}] will similarly compute neper levels. With the
capital @kbd{O} prefix these commands will read a reference level
from the stack; in an algebraic formula the reference level can be
given as an optional second argument.
@kindex l +
@pindex calc-logunits-add
@tindex lupoweradd
@tindex lufieldadd
@kindex l -
@pindex calc-logunits-sub
@tindex lupowersub
@tindex lufieldsub
@kindex l *
@pindex calc-logunits-mul
@tindex lupowermul
@tindex lufieldmul
@kindex l /
@pindex calc-logunits-div
@tindex lupowerdiv
@tindex lufielddiv
The sum of two power or field quantities doesn't correspond to the sum
of the corresponding decibel or neper levels. If the powers
corresponding to decibel levels
@infoline @math{D1}
@texline @math{D_1}
and
@infoline @math{D2}
@texline @math{D_2}
are added, the corresponding decibel level ``sum'' will be
@ifnottex
@example
10 log10(10^(D1/10) + 10^(D2/10)) dB.
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
$$ 10 \log_{10}(10^{D_1/10} + 10^{D_2/10}) {\rm dB}.$$
@end tex
@noindent
When field quantities are combined, it often means the
corresponding powers are added and so the above formula might be used.
In acoustics, for example, the decibel sound pressure level is defined
using the field formula but the sound pressure levels are combined
as the sound power levels, and so the above formula should be used. If
two field quantities themselves are added, the new decibel level will be
@ifnottex
@example
20 log10(10^(D1/20) + 10^(D2/20)) dB.
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
$$ 20 \log_{10}(10^{D_1/20} + 10^{D_2/20}) {\rm dB}.$$
@end tex
@noindent
If the power corresponding to @math{D} dB is multiplied by a number @math{N},
then the corresponding decibel level will be
@ifnottex
@example
D + 10 log10(N) dB,
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
$$ D + 10 \log_{10}(N) {\rm dB},$$
@end tex
@noindent
if a field quantity is multiplied by @math{N} the corresponding decibel level
will be
@ifnottex
@example
D + 20 log10(N) dB.
@end example
@end ifnottex
@tex
$$ D + 20 \log_{10}(N) {\rm dB}.$$
@end tex
@noindent
There are similar formulas for combining nepers.
The @kbd{l +} (@code{calc-logunits-add}) [@code{lupoweradd}] command
will ``add'' two logarithmic unit power levels this way; with the
@kbd{H} prefix, @kbd{H l +} [@code{lufieldadd}] will add logarithmic
unit field levels. Similarly, logarithmic units can be
``subtracted'' with @kbd{l -} (@code{calc-logunits-sub})
[@code{lupowersub}] or @kbd{H l -} [@code{lufieldsub}].
The @kbd{l *} (@code{calc-logunits-mul}) [@code{lupowermul}]
and @kbd{H l *} [@code{lufieldmul}] commands will ``multiply''
a logarithmic unit by a number; the @kbd{l /}
(@code{calc-logunits-divide}) [@code{lupowerdiv}] and
@kbd{H l /} [@code{lufielddiv}] commands will ``divide'' a
logarithmic unit by a number. Note that the reference quantities don't
play a role in this arithmetic.
@node Store and Recall, Graphics, Units, Top
@chapter Storing and Recalling
@ -35225,6 +35469,19 @@ should also be added to @code{calc-embedded-announce-formula-alist}
and @code{calc-embedded-open-close-plain-alist}.
@end defvar
@defvar calc-logunits-power-reference
@defvarx calc-logunits-field-reference
See @ref{Logarithmic Units}.@*
The variables @code{calc-logunits-power-reference} and
@code{calc-logunits-field-reference} are unit expressions (written as
strings) which Calc will use as reference quantities for logarithmic
units.
The default value of @code{calc-logunits-power-reference} is @code{"mW"}
and the default value of @code{calc-logunits-field-reference} is
@code{"20 uPa"}.
@end defvar
@defvar calc-highlight-selections-with-faces
@defvarx calc-selected-face
@defvarx calc-nonselected-face
@ -35872,6 +36129,28 @@ keystrokes are not listed in this summary.
@r{ v x@: k T @: @: @:utpt@:(x,v)}
@r{ v x@: I k T @: @: @:ltpt@:(x,v)}
@c
@r{ a b@: l + @: @: 2 @:lupoweradd@:(a,b)}
@r{ a b@: H l + @: @: 2 @:lufieldadd@:(a,b)}
@r{ a b@: l - @: @: 2 @:lupowersub@:(a,b)}
@r{ a b@: H l - @: @: 2 @:lufieldsub@:(a,b)}
@r{ a b@: l * @: @: 2 @:lupowermul@:(a,b)}
@r{ a b@: H l * @: @: 2 @:lufieldmul@:(a,b)}
@r{ a b@: l / @: @: 2 @:lupowerdiv@:(a,b)}
@r{ a b@: H l / @: @: 2 @:lufielddiv@:(a,b)}
@r{ a@: l d @: @: 1 @:dbpowerlevel@:(a)}
@r{ a b@: O l d @: @: 2 @:dbpowerlevel@:(a,b)}
@r{ a@: H l d @: @: 1 @:dbfieldlevel@:(a)}
@r{ a b@: O H l d @: @: 2 @:dbfieldlevel@:(a,b)}
@r{ a@: l n @: @: 1 @:nppowerlevel@:(a)}
@r{ a b@: O l n @: @: 2 @:nppowerlevel@:(a,b)}
@r{ a@: H l n @: @: 1 @:npfieldlevel@:(a)}
@r{ a b@: O H l n @: @: 2 @:npfieldlevel@:(a,b)}
@r{ a@: l q @: @: 1 @:powerquant@:(a)}
@r{ a b@: O l q @: @: 2 @:powerquant@:(a,b)}
@r{ a@: H l q @: @: 1 @:fieldquant@:(a)}
@r{ a b@: O H l q @: @: 2 @:fieldquant@:(a,b)}
@c
@r{ @: m a @: @: 12,13 @:calc-algebraic-mode@:}
@r{ @: m d @: @: @:calc-degrees-mode@:}