clusterssh/bin/cssh

#!/usr/bin/perl
# $Id$
#
# Script:
#   $RCSfile$
#
# Usage:
#   cssh [options] [hostnames] [...]
#
# Options:
#   see pod documentation
#
# Parameters:
#   hosts to open connection to
#
# Purpose:
#   Concurrently administer multiple remote servers
#
# Dependencies:
#   Perl 5.6.0
#   Tk 800.022
#
# Limitations:
#
# Enhancements:
#
# Notes:
#
# License:
#   This code is distributed under the terms of the GPL (GNU General Pulic
#   License).
#
#   Copyright (C)
#
#   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
#   under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
#   Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or any later
#   version.
#
#   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
#   WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General
#   Public License for more details.
#
#   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
#   with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
#   59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
#
#   Please see the full text of the licenses is in the file COPYING and also at
#     http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php
#
############################################################################
use strict;
use warnings;

use FindBin;
use lib $FindBin::Bin.'/../lib';
use App::ClusterSSH;

my $app=App::ClusterSSH->new();
$app->run();

__END__

=pod

=head1 NAME

cssh, crsh, ctel - Cluster administration tool

=head1 SYNOPSIS

S<< cssh [options] [[user@]<server>[:port]|<tag>] [...] >>
S<< crsh [options] [[user@]<server>[:port]|<tag>] [...] >>
S<< ctel [options] [<server>[:port]|<tag>] [...] >>

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The command opens an administration console and an xterm to all specified 
hosts.  Any text typed into the administration console is replicated to 
all windows.  All windows may also be typed into directly.

This tool is intended for (but not limited to) cluster administration where
the same configuration or commands must be run on each node within the
cluster.  Performing these commands all at once via this tool ensures all
nodes are kept in sync.

Connections are opened via ssh so a correctly installed and configured
ssh installation is required.  If, however, the program is called by "crsh"
then the rsh protocol is used (and the communications channel is insecure),
or by "ctel" then telnet is used.

Extra caution should be taken when editing system files such as
/etc/inet/hosts as lines may not necessarily be in the same order.  Assuming
line 5 is the same across all servers and modifying that is dangerous.
Better to search for the specific line to be changed and double-check before
changes are committed.

=head2 Further Notes

Please also see L<KNOWN BUGS>.

=over

=item *

The dotted line on any sub-menu is a tear-off, i.e. click on it
and the sub-menu is turned into its own window.

=item *

Unchecking a hostname on the Hosts sub-menu will unplug the host from the
cluster control window, so any text typed into the console is not sent to
that host.  Re-selecting it will plug it back in.

=item *

If your window manager menu bars are obscured by terminal windows see
the C<screen_reserve_XXXXX> options in the F<csshrc> file (see L<"FILES">).

=item *

If the terminals overlap too much see the C<terminal_reserve_XXXXX> 
options in the F<csshrc> file (see L<"FILES">).

=item *

If the code is called as crsh instead of cssh (i.e. a symlink called
crsh points to the cssh file or the file is renamed) rsh is used as the
communications protocol instead of ssh.

=item *

If the code is called as ctel instead of cssh (i.e. a symlink called
ctel points to the cssh file or the file is renamed) telnet is used as the
communications protocol instead of ssh.

=item *

When using cssh on a large number of systems to connect back to a single
system (e.g. you issue a command to the cluster to scp a file from a given
location) and when these connections require authentication (i.e. you are
going to authenticate with a password), the sshd daemon at that location 
may refuse connects after the number specified by MaxStartups in 
sshd_config is exceeded.  (If this value is not set, it defaults to 10.)
This is expected behavior; sshd uses this mechanism to prevent DoS attacks
from unauthenticated sources.  Please tune sshd_config and reload the SSH
daemon, or consider using the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys mechanism for 
authentication if you encounter this problem.

=item *

If client windows fail to open, try running:

C<< cssh -e {single host name} >>

This will test the mechanisms used to open windows to hosts.  This could 
be due to either the C<-xrm> terminal option which enables C<AllowSendEvents> 
(some terminal do not require this option, other terminals have another 
method for enabling it - see your terminal documention) or the 
C<ConnectTimeout> ssh option (see the configuration option C<-o> or file 
C<csshrc> below to resolve this).

=back

=head1 OPTIONS

Some of these options may also be defined within the configuration file. 
Default options are shown as appropriate.

=over

=item --action,-a '<command>'

Run the command in each session, i.e. C<-a 'vi /etc/hosts'> to drop straight
into a vi session.  NOTE: not all communications methods support this (ssh 
and rsh should, telnet will not).

=item --cluster-file,-c <file>

Use supplied file as additional cluster file (see also L<"FILES">)

=item --config-file,-C <file>

Use supplied file as additional configuration file (see also L<"FILES">)

=item -d 

DEPRECATED.  See '--debug'.

=item -D 

DEPRECATED.  See '--debug'.

=item --debug [number].

Enable debugging.  Either a level can be provided or the option can be
repeated multiple times.  Maximum level is 4.

=item --evaluate,-e [user@]<hostname>[:port]

Display and evaluate the terminal and connection arguments so display any
potential errors.  The <hostname> is required to aid the evaluation.  

=item --tile,-g|--no-tile,-G 

Enable|Disable window tiling (overriding the config file)

=item --help,-h|-?

Show basic help text, and exit

=item --man,-H

Show full help test (the man page), and exit

=item --username,-l $LOGNAME

Specify the default username to use for connections (if different from the
currently logged in user).  B<NOTE:> will be overridden by <user>@<host>

=item --options,-o "-x -o ConnectTimeout=10" - for ssh connections

=item --options,-o ""                        - for rsh connections

Specify arguments to be passed to ssh or rsh when making the connection.  

B<NOTE:> any "generic" change to the method (i.e. specifying the ssh port to use)
should be done in the medium's own config file (see L<ssh_config> and 
F<$HOME/.ssh/config>).

=item --port,-p <port>

Specify an alternate port for connections.

=item --autoquit,-q|--no-autoquit,-Q

Enable|Disable automatically quiting after the last client window has closed
(overriding the config file)

=item --show-history,-s

IN BETA: Show history within console window.  This code is still being 
worked upon, but may help some users.

=item --term-args,-t ""

Specify arguments to be passed to terminals being used

=item --title,-T "CSSH"

Specify the initial part of the title used in the console and client windows

=item --output-config,-u

Output the current configuration in the same format used by the 
F<$HOME/.csshrc> file.

=item --version,-v

Show version information and exit

=back

=head1 ARGUMENTS

The following arguments are support:

=over

=item [user@]<hostname>[:port] ...

Open an xterm to the given hostname and connect to the administration
console.  An optional port number can be used if sshd is not listening
on standard port (e.g not listening on port 22) and ssh_config cannot be used.

=item <tag> ...

Open a series of xterms defined by <tag> within either /etc/clusters or
F<$HOME/.csshrc> (see L<"FILES">).

Note: specifying a username on a cluster tag will override any usernames 
defined in the cluster

=back

=head1 KEY SHORTCUTS

The following key shortcuts are available within the console window, and all
of them may be changed via the configuration files.

=over

=item Control-q

Quit the program and close all connections and windows

=item Control-+

Open the 'Add Host(s) or Cluster(s)' dialogue box.  Mutiple host or cluster 
names can be entered, separated by spaces.

=item Alt-n

Paste in the hostname part of the specific connection string to each 
client, minus any username or port, i.e.

C<< scp /etc/hosts server:files/<Alt-n>.hosts >>

would replace the <Alt-n> with the client's name in each window

=item Alt-r

Retile all the client windows

=back

=head1 EXAMPLES

=over

=item Open up a session to 3 servers

S<$ cssh server1 server2 server3>

=item Open up a session to a cluster of servers identified by the tag 'farm1' 
and give the controlling window a specific title, where the cluster is defined 
in one of the default configuration files

S<$ cssh -T 'Web Farm Cluster 1' farm1>

=item Connect to different servers using different login names.  NOTE: this can 
also be achieved by setting up appropriate options in the F<.ssh/config> file.
Do not close cssh when last terminal exits.

S<$ cssh -Q user1@server1 admin@server2>

=item Open up a cluster defined in a non-default configuration file

S<$ cssh -c $HOME/cssh.config db_cluster>

=item Use telnet on port 2022 instead of ssh

S<$ ctel -p 2022 server1 server2>

=item Use rsh instead of ssh

S<$ crsh server1 server2>

=back

=head1 FILES

=over

=item F</etc/clusters>

This file contains a list of tags to server names mappings.  When any name
is used on the command line it is checked to see if it is a tag.
If it is a tag, then the tag is replaced with the list of servers.  The 
formated is as follows:

S<< <tag> [user@]<server> [user@]<server> [...] >>

  i.e.

  # List of servers in live
  live admin1@server1 admin2@server2 server3 server4 

All comments (marked by a #) and blank lines are ignored.  Tags may be 
nested, but be aware of recursive tags which are not checked for.

Clusters may also be specified either directly (see C<clusters> configuration
options) or indirectly (see C<extra_cluster_file> configuration option) 
in the users F<$HOME/.csshrc> file.

NOTE: there is a special cluster tag called C<default> - any tags or hosts
included within this tag will be automatically opened if no other tags
are specified on the command line.

=item F</etc/csshrc> & F<$HOME/.csshrc>

This file contains configuration overrides - the defaults are as marked.
Default options are overwritten first by the global file, and then by the
user file.

B<NOTE:> values for entries do not need to be quoted unless it is required 
for passing arguments, i.e.

  terminal_allow_send_events="-xrm '*.VT100.allowSendEvents:true'"

should be written as 

  terminal_allow_send_events=-xrm '*.VT100.allowSendEvents:true'

=over

=item always_tile = yes

Setting to anything other than C<yes> does not perform window tiling (see also -G).

=item auto_quit = yes

Automatically quit after the last client window closes.  Set to anything
other than "yes" to disable.  Can be overridden by C<-Q> on the command line.

=item clusters = <blank>

Define a number of cluster tags in addition to (or to replace) tags defined
in the F</etc/clusters> file.  The format is:

 clusters = <tag1> <tag2> <tag3>
 <tag1> = host1 host2 host3
 <tag2> = user@host4 user@host5 host6
 <tag3> = <tag1> <tag2>

As with the F</etc/clusters> file, be sure not to create recursivly nested tags.

=item comms = ssh

Sets the default communication method (initially taken from the name of 
program, but can be overridden here).

=item console_position = <null>

Set the initial position of the console - if empty then let the window manager 
decide.  Format is '+<x>+<y>', i.e. '+0+0' is top left hand corner of the screen,
'+0-70' is bottom left hand side of screen (more or less).

=item extra_cluster_file = <null>

Define an extra cluster file in the format of F</etc/clusters>.  Multiple
files can be specified, seperated by commas.  Both ~ and $HOME are acceptable
as a to reference the users home directory, i.e.

 extra_cluster_file = ~/clusters, $HOME/clus

=item ignore_host_errors

THIS OPTION IS DEPRECATED.  It has been left in so current systems continue 
to function as expected.

=item key_addhost = Control-Shift-plus

Default key sequence to open AddHost menu.  See below notes on shortcuts.

=item key_clientname = Alt-n

Default key sequence to send cssh client names to client.  See below notes 
on shortcuts.

=item key_paste = Control-v

Default key sequence to paste text into the console window.  See below notes
on shortcuts.

=item key_quit = Control-q

Default key sequence to quit the program (will terminate all open windows).  
See below notes on shortcuts.

=item key_retilehosts = Alt-r

Default key sequence to retile host windows.  See below notes on shortcuts.

=item max_addhost_menu_cluster_items = 6

Maximum number of entries in the 'Add Host' menu cluster list before 
scrollbars are used

=item max_host_menu_items = 30

Maximum number of hosts to put into the host menu before starting a new column

=item menu_host_autotearoff = 0

=item menu_send_autotearoff = 0

When set to non-0 will automatically tear-off the host or send menu at 
program start

=item mouse_paste = Button-2 (middle mouse button)

Default key sequence to paste text into the console window using the mouse.  
See below notes on shortcuts.

=item rsh_args = <blank>

=item ssh_args = "-x -o ConnectTimeout=10" 

Sets any arguments to be used with the communication method (defaults to ssh
arguments).  

B<NOTE:> The given defaults are based on OpenSSH, not commercial ssh software.

B<NOTE:> Any "generic" change to the method (i.e. specifying the ssh port to use)
should be done in the medium's own config file (see L<ssh_config> and 
F<$HOME/.ssh/config>).

=item screen_reserve_top = 0

=item screen_reserve_bottom = 60

=item screen_reserve_left = 0

=item screen_reserve_right = 0

Number of pixels from the screen side to reserve when calculating screen 
geometry for tiling.  Setting this to something like 50 will help keep cssh 
from positioning windows over your window manager's menu bar if it draws one 
at that side of the screen.

=item rsh = /path/to/rsh

=item ssh = /path/to/ssh

Depending on the value of comms, set the path of the communication binary.

=item terminal = /path/to/terminal

Path to the x-windows terminal used for the client.

=item terminal_args = <blank>

Arguments to use when opening terminal windows.  Otherwise takes defaults
from F<$HOME/.Xdefaults> or $<$HOME/.Xresources> file.

=item terminal_font = 6x13

Font to use in the terminal windows.  Use standard X font notation.

=item terminal_reserve_top = 5

=item terminal_reserve_bottom = 0

=item terminal_reserve_left = 5

=item terminal_reserve_right = 0

Number of pixels from the terminal side to reserve when calculating screen 
geometry for tiling.  Setting these will help keep cssh from positioning 
windows over your scroll and title bars or otherwise overlapping the windows
too much.

=item terminal_colorize = 1

If set to 1 (the default), then "-bg" and "-fg" arguments will be added
to the terminal invocation command-line.  The terminal will be colored
in a pseudo-random way based on the host name; while the color of a terminal
is not easily predicted, it will always be the same color for a given host
name.  After a while, you will recognize hosts by their characteristic
terminal color.

=item terminal_bg_style = dark

If set to dark, the the terminal background will be set to black and
the foreground to the pseudo-random color.  If set to light, then the
foreground will be black and the background the pseudo-random color.  If
terminal_colorize is zero, then this option has no effect.

=item terminal_size = 80x24

Initial size of terminals to use (note: the number of lines (24) will be 
decreased when resizing terminals for tiling, not the number of characters (80))

=item terminal_title_opt = -T

Option used with C<terminal> to set the title of the window

=item terminal_allow_send_events = -xrm '*.VT100.allowSendEvents:true'

Option required by the terminal to allow XSendEvents to be received

=item title = cssh

Title of windows to use for both the console and terminals.

=item unmap_on_redraw = no

Tell Tk to use the UnmapWindow request before redrawing terminal windows.
This defaults to "no" as it causes some problems with the FVWM window 
manager.  If you are experiencing problems with redraws, you can set it to
"yes" to allow the window to be unmapped before it is repositioned.

=item use_hotkeys = yes

Setting to anything other than C<yes> will disable all hotkeys.

=item user = $LOGNAME

Sets the default user for running commands on clients.

=item window_tiling = yes

Perform window tiling (set to C<no> to disable)

=item window_tiling_direction = right

Direction to tile windows, where "right" means starting top left and moving
right and then down, and anything else means starting bottom right and moving 
left and then up

=back

B<NOTE:> The key shortcut modifiers must be in the form "Control", "Alt", or 
"Shift", i.e. with the first letter capitalised and the rest lower case.  Keys
may also be disabled individually by setting to the word "null".

=item F<$HOME/.csshrc_send_menu>

This (optional) file contains items to populate the send menu.  The
default entry could be written as:

  <send_menu>
    <menu title="Hostname">
        <command>%s</command>
        <accelerator>ALT-n</accelerator>
    </menu>
  </send_menu>

Submenus can also be specified as follows:

  <send_menu>
    <menu title="Default Entries">
      <detach>yes</detach>
      <menu title="Hostname">
          <command>%s</command>
          <accelerator>ALT-n</accelerator>
      </menu>
    </menu>
  </send_menu>

B<Caveats:> 

=over 4

=item There is currently no strict format checking of this file.

=item The format of the file may change in the future

=item If the file exists the default entry (Hostname) is not added

=back

The following replacement macros are available:

=over 4

=item %s 

Hostname part of the specific connection string to each client, minus any 
username or port

=item %u

Username part of the connection string to each client

=item %h 

Hostname of server where cssh is being run from

=item %n

<RETURN> code

=back

B<NOTE:> requires L<XML::Simple> to be installed

=back

=head1 KNOWN BUGS

=over 4

=item 1.

Catering for IPv6 addresses is minimal.  This is due to a conflict 
between IPv6 addresses and port numbers within the same 
server definition since they both use the same seperator, i.e. is the 
following just an IPv6 address, or an address + port number of 2323?

    2001:db8::1428:2323

Exactly - I cannot tell either.  the IPv6 address without a port is assumed
in those cases where it cannot be determined and a warning is issued.

Possible work arounds include:

=over 4

=item a.

Use square brackets around the IPv6 address, i.e. 
    [2001:db8::1428]:2323
or
    [2001:db8::1428:2323]
as appropriate so there is no ambiguity

=item b.

Use the full IPv6 address if also using a port number - the 8th colon
is assumed to be the port seperator.

=item c.

Define the IPv6 address in your /etc/hosts file, DNS or other name service 
lookup mechanism and use the hostname instead of the address.

=back

=item 2. 

Swapping virtual desktops can a redraw of all the terminal windows.  This
is due to a lack of distinction within Tk between switching desktops and 
minimising/maximising windows.  Until Tk can tell the difference between the 
two events, there is no fix (apart from rewriting everything directly in X)

=back

Anyone with any good ideas to fix the above bugs is more than welcome to get
in touch and/or provide a patch.

=head1 REPORTING BUGS

=over 2

=item *

If you have issues running cssh, first try:

C<< cssh -e [user@]<hostname>[:port] >>

This performs two tests to confirm cssh is able to work properly with the
settings provided within the F<.csshrc> file (or internal defaults).

	1. test the terminal window works with the options provided

	2. test ssh works to a host with the configured arguments

Configuration options to watch for in ssh are

	- Doesnt understand "-o ConnectTimeout=10" - remove the option 
	  in the F<.csshrc> file

	- OpenSSH-3.8 using untrusted ssh tunnels - use "-Y" instead of "-X"
	  or use "ForwardX11Trusted yes' in ssh_config (if you change the
	  default ssh options from -x to -X)

=item *

If you require support, please run the following commands
and post it on the web site in the support/problems forum:

C<< perl -V >>

C<< perl -MTk -e 'print $Tk::VERSION,$/' >>

C<< perl -MX11::Protocol -e 'print $X11::Protocol::VERSION,$/' >>

C<< cat /etc/csshrc $HOME/.csshrc >>

=item *

Use the debug switches (-d, -D, or -dD) will turn on debugging output.  
However, please only use this option with one host at a time, 
i.e. "cssh -d <host>" due to the amount of output produced (in both main 
and child windows).

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<http://clusterssh.sourceforge.net/>,
L<ssh>,
L<Tk::overview>,
L<X11::Protocol>,
L<perl>

=head1 AUTHOR

Duncan Ferguson

=head1 CREDITS

clusterssh is distributed under the GNU public license.  See the file
F<LICENSE> for details.

A web site for comments, requests, bug reports and bug fixes/patches is
available at L<http://clusterssh.sourceforge.net/>

=cut